Machitidwe a Ultrasound - Kuwona Zosaoneka ndi Mafunde a Phokoso

Ukadaulo wamakono wa ultrasound wasintha kujambula kwachipatala kuchokera ku zithunzi zosasinthika kupita ku kuwunika kogwira ntchito, zonse popanda cheza cha ayoni. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za fizikisi, ntchito zachipatala, ndi zatsopano zamakono mu ultrasound yozindikira matenda.

Mfundo Zachilengedwe
Ultrasound yachipatala imagwira ntchito pama frequency a 2-18MHz. Mphamvu ya piezoelectric imasintha mphamvu zamagetsi kukhala kugwedezeka kwa makina mu transducer. Time-gain compensation (TGC) imasintha kuti ichepetse kuzama (0.5-1 dB/cm/MHz). Axial resolution imadalira kutalika kwa mafunde (λ = c/f), pomwe lateral resolution imagwirizana ndi m'lifupi mwa beam.

Nthawi Yosinthira Zinthu

• 1942: Ntchito yoyamba ya Karl Dussik yokhudza zachipatala (kujambula ubongo)
• 1958: Ian Donald amapanga ultrasound ya obstetric
• 1976: Zosinthira ma analog scan zimathandiza kujambula zithunzi za imvi
• 1983: Color Doppler inayambitsidwa ndi Namekawa ndi Kasai
• 2012: FDA yavomereza zipangizo zoyamba zokwana thumba

Njira Zachipatala

1. B-mode
   Kujambula zithunzi zoyambira zakuda ndi mawonekedwe a malo ochepera 0.1mm
2. Njira Zogwiritsira Ntchito Doppler

• Choyezera Ma Doppler a Mitundu: Kujambula Mapu a Kuthamanga (Malire a Nyquist 0.5-2m/s)
• Power Doppler: Yosavuta kupirira kuyenda pang'onopang'ono kwa nthawi 3-5
• Spectral Doppler: Imayesa kuopsa kwa stenosis (ziwerengero za PSV >2 zimasonyeza >50% stenosis ya carotid)

3. Njira Zapamwamba

• Elastography (Kulimba kwa chiwindi >7.1kPa kumasonyeza F2 fibrosis)
• Ultrasound yowonjezereka (SonoVue microbubbles)
• Kujambula kwa 3D/4D (Voluson E10 imakwaniritsa mawonekedwe a voxel a 0.3mm)

Mapulogalamu Oyamba

• Ultrasound Yokhazikika (FUS)
  • Kuchotsa kutentha (85% kupulumuka kwa zaka 3 mu kugwedezeka kwakukulu)
  • Kutsegula kwa chotchinga cha magazi ndi ubongo pa chithandizo cha Alzheimer's
• Ultrasound ya Malo Osamalira (POCUS)
  • Kuyezetsa kwachangu (98% kukhudzidwa kwa hemoperitoneum)
  • Ma B-lines a ultrasound a m'mapapo (kulondola kwa 93% kwa edema ya m'mapapo)

Malire a Zatsopano

1. Ukadaulo wa CMUT
   Ma transducer a ultrasonic okhala ndi capacitive micromachined amapatsa bandwidth yotakata kwambiri (3-18MHz) yokhala ndi bandwidth ya 40%.
2. Kuphatikiza kwa AI

• Samsung S-Shearwave imapereka muyeso wa elastography wotsogozedwa ndi AI
• Kuwerengera kwa EF kodziyimira pawokha kukuwonetsa kulumikizana kwa 0.92 ndi MRI ya mtima

3. Kusintha kwa M'manja
   Butterfly iQ+ imagwiritsa ntchito zinthu 9000 za MEMS mu kapangidwe ka single-chip, zolemera 205g yokha.
4. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mankhwala
   Histotripsy imachotsa zotupa popanda kuwononga thupi pogwiritsa ntchito acoustic cavitation (mayesero azachipatala a khansa ya chiwindi).

Mavuto aukadaulo

• Kukonza kusintha kwa gawo mwa odwala onenepa kwambiri
• Kuzama kochepa kolowera (15cm pa 3MHz)
• Ma algorithms ochepetsa phokoso la Speckle
• Zopinga zoyendetsera machitidwe ozindikira matenda pogwiritsa ntchito AI

Msika wapadziko lonse wa ultrasound ($8.5B mu 2023) ukusinthidwa ndi makina onyamulika, omwe tsopano ndi 35% ya malonda. Ndi ukadaulo watsopano monga kujambula zithunzi za super-resolution (kuwona mitsempha ya 50μm) ndi njira zoperekera mitsempha, ultrasound ikupitilizabe kufotokozeranso malire a matenda osavulaza.